Group+-+Chapter+11+-+Gender,+Sex,+and+Sexuality

**CHAPTER 11 GENDER, SEX AND SEXUALITY**

**Section 1 Defining Sex and Gender** **Sex and its Biological Components**
 * __**Sex**__ refers to the properties of a person that determine his or her classification as male or female.
 * __**Sex Chromosomes**__ found in humans are the pair of genes that differ between the sexes and determines a persons sex as male or female.
 * **__Gonads__**, a part of the endocrine system, are glands that produce sex hormones and generate the ova (egg) in females and sperm in males. They are called gametes.
 * Male and Females have 23 pairs of chromosomes. Women have all XX pairs of chromosomes, Men have one pair of XY chromosomes.
 * In puberty, people develop **__secondary sex characteristics__**. These are traits that differ between the two sexes but are not part of the reproductive system, such as breasts in females and facial hair in males.

**Gender**
 * __**Gender**__ is the social and psychological aspect of being male or female. Gender goes beyond biological sex to include a persons understanding of the meaning of his or her own life of being male or female.
 * __**Gender Identity**__ is an individuals multifaceted sense of belonging to the male or female sex.
 * **__Instrumentality__** is the term psychologists use to describe more masculine traits, while __**expressiveness**__ is more feminine traits.
 * **__Androgynous__** is having attributes that are typically associated with both genders.

**Disorders of Sexual Development**  DSD are congenital conditions in which the development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. This disorder was formerly known as intersex conditions or hermaphroditism.

**When Genetic Sex and Gender Conflict: Transgender Experience**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">__**Transgender**__ is experiencing ones psychological gender as different from ones physical sex, as is the case of biological males who identify as female and biological females who identify as male.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">__**Gender Identity Disorder**__ is a strong, persistent cross sex identification and a continuing discomfort with, or sense of inappropriateness of, ones assigned sex.

<span style="color: #800080; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">**Section 2 Theories of Gender Development**

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Sexual selection**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">__**Sexual selection**__, according to Darwins theory of evolution, the differentiation between the male and female members of a species because of the difference between the two in competition and choice.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">__**Competition**__ occurs among members of the same sex as they vie for the opportunity to mate with members of the opposite sex.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">__**Choice**__ is the when the opposite sex selects the one with which they will mate.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Social Cognitive Approaches** - Social cognitive theories of gender development focus on how children learn about gender and how they come to occupy a particulate identity.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Social Role Theory** - to understand gender, we must recognize the larger social and cultural institutions surrounding the psychological phenomenon of gender identity.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**__Gender Roles__** - Expectations for how females and males should think, act and feel.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**__Gender Stereotypes__** - Overly general beliefs and expectations about what women and men are like.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">__**Major Theoretical Approaches to Gender and Gender Development**__



<span style="color: #800080; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">**Section 3 The Psychology of Gender Differences** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 200%;">In this section we will review the research of gender differences in three main areas: cognitive ability, aggression, and sexuality. As we do, keep in mind that because gender cannon be manipulated, research comparing men and women is by definition correlation, so that casual claims are not justified.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 200%;">** Terms to Know ** :
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">**__ Gender Similarities Hypothesis- __** Hyde’s proposition that men and women (and boys and girls) are much more similar than they are different.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">**__ Aggression- __** Behaviors that are intended to harm another person.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">**__ Overt Aggression- __** Physically or verbally harming another person directly.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">**__ Conduct Disorder- __** A pattern of offensive behavior that violates the basic rights of others.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">**__ Relational Aggression- __** Behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">**__ Sexuality- __** The ways people experience and express themselves as sexual beings

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 200%;">** Important Links **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 200%;">Flashcards of key terms throughout chapter. __ [|http://glencoe.mcgraw-gender hill.com/sites/dl/free/0076593770/873808/Chapter11.html] __
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 200%;">Multiple choice questions for the chapter. __ [] __
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 200%;">Fill in the blanks for the chapter. __ [|http://glencoe.mcgra-hill.com/sites/0076593770/student_view0/chapter11/fill_in_the_blanks.html] __

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 200%;">** Cognitive Differences **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 200%;">Data points to no gender differences in general intellectual ability. Further, research shows that in terms of academic performance, girls tend to get better grades in school than boys regardless of the topic. However, more boys tend to peruse careers in math and science topics than girls.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 200%;">Girls are more likely to outperform boys on tasks of verbal ability; and second, boys are more likely to outperform girls on tasks requiring a certain type of cognitive skills--visuospatial ability. For example, research has probed the verbal performance of fourth-graders in 33 different countries. In every country, the average performance of girls is higher than the average performance of boys. In turn, research has revealed that, at least by preschool age, boys show greater accuracy in performing tasks requiring mental rotation of objects in space.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 200%;">** Gender Differences in Aggression ** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 200%;">** Gender Differences in Sexuality **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 200%;">Males tend to be higher on **overt aggression** than females. As children, boys are more likely to get In fights in which they are physically aggressive. As adolescents, males are more likely to join gangs and commit violent acts. Children who are diagnosed with **conduct disorder** are three time more likely to be boys than girls. As adults, men are more likely to be chronically hostile and commit violent crimes.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 200%;">Women are more likely to be **relationally aggressive** because of their smaller physique. Relational aggression differs from overt aggression in the way that the aggressor must have a considerable level of social skill.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 200%;">Women tend to be more selective than men when it comes to casual sex and tend to have less lifetime partners than men.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 200%;">Men report more feelings of sexual arousal, are more prone to lust, have more frequent sexual fantasies, and rate the strength of their own sex drive higher than do women. Men are also more likely to masturbate, to have premarital sex and have a more difficult time adhering to their vows of sexual fidelity when married.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 200%;">Women are more likely than men to have experiences with same and opposite-sex partners, even if they identify themselves as strongly as strongly heterosexual or strongly homosexual.

<span style="color: #800080; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">**Section 4 Sexual Orientation** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 200%;">Sexual orientation does not mean simply sexual behavior. A man who has sex with other men while in prison may not think of himself as a homosexual, and once released may never engage in such behavior again. A woman might always find herself attracted to other women but never act on those feelings. When we talk about sexual orientation, we mean a whole range of human experiences that interest psychologists, including not only behaviors but also desires, feelings, fantasies, and a person’s sense of identity. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 200%;">** Terms to Know: ** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 200%;">** Defining Sexual Orientation **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">**__ Sexual Orientation- __** The direction of an individual’s erotic interests.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">**__ Heterosexual- __** Referring to a sexual orientation in which the individual is generally sexually attracted to members of the opposite sex.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">**__ Homosexual- __** Referring to a sexual orientation in which the individual is generally attracted to members of the same sex.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">**__ Bisexual- __** Referring to a sexual orientation in which the individual is sexually attracted to people of both sexes.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 200%;">Some believe that a person’s sexuality is flexible as opposed to the western view where a person’s sexual orientation is a stable constant throughout life.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 200%;">Diamond did a study that revealed Bisexual women would rarely become a strict lesbian or heterosexual but a lesbian or a heterosexual had a greater probability of becoming bisexual.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 200%;">** Occurrence of Different Sexual Orientations ** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 200%;">** Origins of Sexual Orientation: A Scientific Puzzle ** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 200%;">** Gay and Lesbian Functioning **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 200%;">Homosexual behavior is relatively common in nature, having been observed in 1,5000 different species, including rats, nonhuman primates, giraffes, ostriches, guppies, cats, bison, dolphins and fruit flies.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 200%;">In humans homosexuality occurs in every culture, regardless of the culture’s acceptance or not. Obviously, the majority of people, regardless of culture, are heterosexual.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 200%;">These are two factors that do not predict a child to grow up as gay or lesbian. One being reared by a gay parent or parents. Another is having a having a homosexual experience as a child.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 200%;">The genetic influence of male’s sexual orientation is about 35 percent and in women it is about 19 percent.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 200%;">The corpus callosum is larger in homosexual males than in heterosexual males. This is largely genetic.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 200%;">In lesbian and gay people the right hemisphere of the brain is larger relative to the left hemisphere.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 200%;">It is still not fully understood how a person’s sexual orientation emerges or why people are homosexual, bisexual, or heterosexual.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 200%;">Gay and lesbian couples find themselves happier than heterosexual married couples. But they are also more likely to end the relationship.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 200%;">One reason they believe heterosexual couples will stay together is because they have children and they are more likely to have children.

<span style="color: #800080; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">**Section 5 Sexual Behaviors and Practices** =<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Sexual Behaviors = <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· What is sex? <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o vaginal intercourse? <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o anal sex? <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o oral sex? <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o sexting? <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o activities that are involved in reproduction and fertilization? <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o arousal and sexual response that occur when the behavior is performed? <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o behaviors that are specific to each individual and that are pleasurable in a particular way – one that is usually intimate and personal? <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· many individuals under age 20 do not view oral sex as sex, they believe that it is a safe alternative to intercourse; oral sex exposes individuals to the risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections =<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Sexual Practices = <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Alfred Kinsey considered the father of sexology; a pioneer who brought scientific attention to sexual behavior <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· When people in the United States engage in sexual behavior, what do they do, and how often? <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· //The Kinsey Reports//: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o frequency of bisexuality = men (12%) and women (7%) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o 50% of married men had been sexually unfaithful <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o his work was limed by the lack of representative samples <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Robert Michael and his colleges (1994) interviewed 3,500 randomly selected people from 18-50 years of age <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o 17% of men and 3% of women said they had sex with at least 21 partners <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o marriage and monogamy rule sexual behavior <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">§ married couples reported having sex most often and were the most likely to have orgasms when they did <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">§ nearly 75% of the married men and 85% of the married women indicated that they had never been unfaithful <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· ABC news poll (2004) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o individuals in committed relationships had more sex than singles, and the vast majority reported themselves as sexually faithful <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Centers for Disease Control conducted a study of sexual behaviors in the U.S. (2002) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o age 15-44: 10% men and 8% women had never had sex (including vaginal intercourse, oral sex, and anal sex) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o age 25-44: 97% had vaginal intercourse; 90% had oral sex; 40% men and 35% women had anal sex <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· 3,00 Swedes frequency of different sexual behaviors in the previous month (vaginal intercourse, masturbation, oral sex, and anal sex) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o vaginal intercourse: men (5 times), women (5 times) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o masturbation: men (4.5), women (2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o oral sex: men (2), women (2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o anal sex: men (1), women (1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· gay men engage in mutual masturbation, oral sex, and anal sex <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· lesbian women engage in genital-to-genital contact (body rubbing), mutual fondling and masturbation, penetration with the hands or other objects, and oral sex =<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Human Sexual Response Pattern = <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· William Maters and Virginia Johnson (1966) carefully observed and measured the physiological responses of 382 female and 312 male volunteers as they masturbated or had vaginal intercourse <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· __human sexual response pattern__ = Masters Johnson’s model of human sexual response, consisting of four phases – excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. Excitement Phase <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">§ begins the process of erotic excitement <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">§ last from several minutes to several hours (depending on the nature of the sex play involved) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">§ engorgements of blood vessels, increased blood flow in genital area, and muscle tension <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">§ lubrication of the vagina and partial erection of the penis <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">2. Plateau Phase <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">§ continuation and heightening of the arousal begun in the excitement phase <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">§ increase in breathing, pulse rate, and blood pressure that occurred during excitement phase become more intense <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">§ penile erection and vaginal lubrication are more complete, and orgasm is closer <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">3. Orgasm <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">§ orgasm lasts for 3 to 15 seconds <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">§ involves an explosive discharge of neuromuscular tension and an intensely pleasurable feeling <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">§ release of the neurotransmitter oxytocin, which plays a role in social bonding <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">4. Resolution Phase <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">§ blood vessels return to their normal state <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">§ females may be stimulated to orgasm again without delay <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">§ males enter a //refractory period// during which they cannot have another orgasm) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Helen Singer Kaplan (1974) talked with individuals in her clinical practice about theur sexual experiences <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o added a key initial stage: desire <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">§ sexual desire was sometimes lacking in her clients <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">§ highlighted the very important role of motivation in sexual activities <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">§ without the desire to have sex, the stages described by Masters and Johnson may never get started =<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Cognition and Other Factors in Sexual Behaviors = <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Sexual behavior is influenced by a variety of factors, ranging from sensation and perception to the ways we think about sexuality <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· finding someone attractive may involve seeing the person, getting to know him or her, and feeling emotionally attached <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· thoughts play an important role in our sexuality <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o we might be sexually attracted to someone but understand that we must inhibit our sexual urges until the relationship has time to develop <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o we have the cognitive resources to generate sexual images (to become sexually aroused just by thinking about something erotic) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· sexuality is influenced by //sexual scripts//, patterns of expectancies for how people should behave sexually <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· for men, sex may center more on what’s going on in the genitals, with orgasm being a crucial aspect <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· for men sex may be more an expression of intimacy, with orgasm an optional feature <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· cognitive interpretation of sexual activity also involves out perceptions of the individual with whom we having sex, and his or her perceptions of us <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o Is this sexual encounter a symbol of a more enduring relationship or simply a hook-up?

<span style="color: #f79646; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Influence of Culture
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· John Messenger (1971) analyzed the people living on the small island of Inis Beag off the coast of Ireland <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o they knew nothing of tongue kissing or hand stimulation of the penis, and detested nudity <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o premarital sex was out the question <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o men avoided most sexual experiences because they believed that sexual intercourse reduced their energy level and was bad for the health <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o intercourse occurred only at night, taking place as quickly as possible; female orgasm was rare in this culture <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Donald Marshall (1971) conducted research on the Mangain culture in the South Pacific <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o young boys were taught about masturbation and were encouraged to engage in it as much as they liked <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o at age 13, the boys underwent a ritual initiating them into sexual manhood <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">§ their elders instructed them about sexual strategies, including how to aid their female partner in having orgasms <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">§ 2 weeks later, the boy had intercourse with an experienced woman who helped him hold back from ejaculation until she experienced orgasm with him <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">§ Mangaians had sex pretty much every day; women reported a high frequency of orgasm <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Americans fall somewhere in the middle of a continuum going from repressive to liberal <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· culture influences not only attitudes about sexual behavior but also ideas about sexual orientation

<span style="color: #f79646; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Sex Education
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Most people concerned with sex education share two simple and relatively uncontroversial goals: to encourage the very young to delay sexual activity and to reduce teen pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· abstinence-only approach <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o emphasize that any sexual behavior outside of marriage is harmful to individuals of any age <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o instructors can present contraceptives and condoms only in terms of their failure rates <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o promotes the notion that abstinence is the only effective way to avoid pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· comprehensive sex education (considered the better approach) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o providing students with comprehensive knowledge about sexual behavior, birth control and the use of condoms in protecting against sexually transmitted infections, while encouraging them to delay sexual activity and practice abstinence <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· The U.S. has one of the highest rates of adolescent pregnancy and childbearing in the developed world, with as many as 1/3 of young women under the of 20 becoming pregnant <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· U.S. adolescent pregnancy rates are nearly twice those of Canada and Great Britain and at least 4x the rates in France, Sweden, Germany, and Japan. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o Compared to these other nations, the Unites States has less comprehensive sex education and less availability and use of condoms

<span style="color: #800080; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">**Section 6 Sexual Variations and Disorders** =<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Fetishes = <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· __fetish__ = an object or activity that arouses sexual interest and desire <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o include erotic materials (such as pornographic images and films), clothing, and other physical objects <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· __sadomasochism__ = one person (the sadistic partner) gains sexual pleasure from dominating another person (the masochist), who in turn enjoys being dominated <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· unusual sexual practices are typically considered harmless variations as long as these three principles are not violated: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. the individuals are consenting adults <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">2. they do not experience personal distress <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">3. they are not putting themselves in danger of physical harm or death as a result of their activities =<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Paraphilias = <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· __paraphilias__ = sexual disorders that feature recurrent sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving (1) nonhuman objects; (2) the suffering or humiliation of oneself or one’s partner; or (3) children or other nonconsenting persons <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· a paraphilia is considered to require treatment if the person experiencing it feels distress or impairment in social or occupational life domains; men more likely to suffer from this than women <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· the cause and significance of paraphilias is unknown <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Types of Paraphilias <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o __exhibition__ = exposing one’s genitals to a stranger <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o __fetishism__ = using nonliving objects for sexual pleasure <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o __fortteurism__ = touching and rubbing against a person who has not given consent – for instance, in a crowded subway train <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o __pedophilia__ = sexual activity with a prepubescent child <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o __sexual__ masochism = the act of being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o __sexual sadism__ = acts in which the individual derives sexual excitement form the psychological or physical suffering of the victim <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o __transvestic fetishism__ = cross-dressing by a male in women’s clothing <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o __voyeurism__ = observing unsuspecting individuals – usually strangers who are naked, in the process of disrobing, or engaged in sexual activity =<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Pedophilia = <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· pedophilia = a paraphlia in which an adult or an older adolescent sexually fantasizes about or engages in sexual behavior with individuals who have not reached puberty <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· the causes of this disorder are not well understood <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· associated with low self-esteem, poor social skills, low IQ, and a history of head injuries (casuing unconsciousness) in childhood <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· pattern of cognitive distortions, including minimizing the harm of pedophilic activities, believeing that sexual impulses are uncontrollable, and thinking that sexual relationships with children are consensual <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· castration (either surgically through removal of the testes, or chemically, though drugs that reduce testosterone) has been used to treat sex offenders who victimize children <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o some critics have suggested that castration is used primarily to punish, not to treat, and as such is unethical <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Michael Seto (2009), an expert on the disorder, focuses on prevention <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o advocates educating children to distinguish appropriate and inappropriate touch and empowering them to share their feelings with a trusted adult if someone is making them uncomfortable =<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Disorders of Sexual Desire and Sexual Response = <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· up to ¼ of men and nearly ½ of women report sometimes being troubled with a general lack of interest in sex <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o this can stem from low levels of androgen, stress, anxiety and depression, physical illnesses, and various drugs used to treat psychological and physical conditions <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o treatments include drug therapies, psychological therapies, and relationship counseling <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· __erectile dysfunction__ = the failure of the penis to become erect; caused by a combination of psychological and physical factors; more common with age; one treatment is Viagra <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· __premature ejaculation__ = the experience of orgasm before the person wishes it; most common sexual complaint among men under the age of 40; caused by psychological, physical, and relationship factors; treated with drugs or therapy <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· for women, dysfunction in arousal is explained by problems in the autonomic nervous system that disrupt the engorgement of the labia and lubrication of the vagina <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o disorders of sexual orgasm in women involve delayed or absent orgasm during sexual activity <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· occasional occurrence of these are common and normal <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· when these problems cause distress for the individual or difficulties in important relationships that they are considered disorders in need of treatment =<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Variations, Disorders, and the Meaning of Normality = <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Are variations in sexual behavior a problem that require professional help or are do they represent harmless differences that simply reflect human diversity? <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o If you feel concern about your own sexual behaviors or experiences, seeking the advice of counselor or therapist is a great way to get clarity about the issues.

<span style="color: #800080; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">**Section 7 Sexuality and Health and Wellness** =<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Sexual Behavior and Physical Health = <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· __sexually transmitted infection (STI)__ = an infection that is contracted primarily through sexual activity – vaginal intercourse as well as oral and anal sex <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o affect about 1 of every 6 adults in the United States

<span style="color: #f79646; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Types and Causes of Sexually Transmitted Infections
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· STIs are bacterial (such as gonorrhea and syphilis) or viral (such as genital herpes and HIV) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· __acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)__ = a sexually transmitted infection, caused by the //human immunodeficiency virus// (HIV), that destroys the body’s immune system <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o the treatment know as //highly active antiretroviral therapy// (HAART) can involve taking between 6 and 22 pills each day <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o first one-pill-per-day treatment for HIV was FDA approved in 2006 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o estimated that as many as ½ of individuals who are HIV positive are not in treatment and that ¼ of individuals who are HIV positive do not know that they are

<span style="color: #f79646; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Practicing Safe Sex
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· the only 100% way to prevent contracting an STI is abstinence from sex, which most individuals do not view as an option <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· sensual activities such as kissing, French kissing, cuddling, massage, and mutual masturbation (that does not involve the exchange of bodily fluids) involve no risk of an STI <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· condoms are a key tool in efforts to protect oneself from STIs <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o the wisest course of action is always to protect yourself by using a latex condom <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o latex condoms help to prevent the transmission of many STIs <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o most effective in preventing gonorrhea, syphilis, Chlamydia, and HIV <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o significantly reduces the risk that males will transmit to their female partners the //human papilloma virus// (HPV), which can cause cervical cancer <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o although condoms are less effective against the spread of herpes than against other STIs, the consistent use of condoms significantly reduces the risk of herpes infection for both men and women =<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Sexual Behavior and Psychological Well-Being = <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Lynne and Cooper and her colleagues (Cooper, Shapiro, and Powers, 1998) examined the reasons adolescents and young adults gave for having sex <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o to connect intimately with someone <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o to enhance their own self-esteem <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o to gain a partner’s peers’ approval <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o to avoid feeling distressed or lonely <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o found that engaging in sex as a form of intimacy with another person was related to having fewer sex partners overall and to practicing less risky sex <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o individuals who had sex to cope with negative feelings were less likely to have stable long-term relationships and tended to engage in more unsafe sex <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o having sex in order to be close to another person is related to enhanced well-being, but engaging in sex to avoid bad feelings is linking with decreases in well-being <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Swedish study (Brody and Costa, 2009) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o frequency of vaginal intercourse was strongly related to life satisfaction for men and women <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o although frequency of sexual behavior may decline with age, sexuality remains a significant part of human identity and relationships throughout life <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o throughout the life span sexual activities remain a source of pleasure and an avenue for the experience of intimacy