Group+-+Chapter+02+-+Psychology's+Scientific+Methods

= __The Science of Psychology: Chapter 2 Summary __ =

===**[|Psychology's Scientific Method] ** ===


 * Step 1 - Observing Some Phenomenon
 * Step 2 - Formulating Hypotheses and Predictions
 * Step 3 - Testing Through Empirical Research
 * Step 4 - Drawing Conclusions
 * Step 5 - Evaluating the Theory



**[|Types of Psychological Research] **


 * **Descriptive Reasearch** - Research that determines the basic dimensions of a phenomenon, defining what it is, how often it occurs, and so on.
 * **Correlation Research** - Research that examines the relationships between variables, whose purpose is to examine whether and how two variables change together.
 * **Experimental Research** - Determines whether a casual relationship exists between variables.

**[|Research Samples and Settings] **


 * ====Research sample - The subset of the population chosen by the investigator for study.====
 * ====Random Sample - A sample that gives every member of the population an equal chance of being selected.====
 * ====Naturalistic Observation - The observation of behavior in a real-world setting.====
 * ==== Population - The entire group about which the investigator wants to to draw conclusions. ====

===**[|Analyzing and Interpreting Data] ** ===


 * Descriptive Statistics - Mathematical procedures that are used to describe and summarize sets of data in a meaningful way.
 * Measures of central tendency - a single number that indicates the overall characteristics of a set of data. (mean, median, mode)
 * Measures of Dispersion - describes how much the scores in a sample differ from one another. (range - difference between the highest and lowest scores), (standard deviation - tells how much scores in a sample differ from the mean of the sample.)
 * Inferential Statistics - Mathematical methods that are used to indicate whether results for a sample are likely to generalize to a population.

===<span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px;">[|Conducting Ethical Research] ===

Ethic guidelines
 * <span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Informed consent - participants must know what they're doing.
 * <span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Confidentiality - researchers must keep data confidential.
 * <span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Debriefing - researchers must inform the participants about the purpose and methods of the study.
 * <span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Deception - whether or not researchers should inform the participants about everything in the study.



===<span style="font-size: 1.1em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; padding-right: 10px;">[|Thinking Critically about Psychological Research] ** ===


 * 1) <span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Avoid over-generalizing based on little information
 * 2) <span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Distinguish between group results and individual needs
 * 3) <span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Look for answers beyond a single study
 * 4) <span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Avoid attributing causes where none have been found
 * 5) <span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Consider the source of psychological information

= __<span style="font-size: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">The Science of Psychology: Chapter 2 Review Questions __ =

2. Researchers assignment of participants to groups by chance, to reduce the likelihood that an experiment's results will be due to preexisting differences between groups
====3. An experimental design in which neither experimenter nor the participants are aware of which participants are in the experimental group, and which are in the control group until the results are calculated.====

4. Descriptive Research, Correlational Research, and Experimental Research.
====5. A placebo is a harmless substance that has no physical or psychological effect on the participant in the experiment. A **placebo effect** occurs when participants expectations, rather than the experimental treatment, produce an outcome.====



= __<span style="font-size: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">The Science of Psychology: Chapter 2 Online Content __ =

=== <span style="background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-origin: initial; color: #000000; font-size: 0.91em; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Stanley Milgram - Experiment on Obedience Part 1 of 3 ===

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= Stanley Milgram - Experiment on Obedience Part 2 of 3  =

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= Stanley Milgram - Experiment on Obedience Part 3 of 3  =

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**The Stanford Prison Experiment**

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