Group+-+Chapter+16+-+Therapies


 * //__Ch. 16 – Therapies __//**

**__Biological Therapies __**
 * Biological therapies, or biomedical therapies, are treatments that relieve or get rid of the psychological disorders' symptoms by changing how the body functions.
 * Drug Therapy
 * __Antianxiety Drugs- __ also known as tranquilizers, these are drugs that reduce anxiety by calming a person down.
 * __Antidepressant Drugs- __ are drugs that control mood.




 * 1) //Lithium // is the lightest solid element on the periodic table of elements, and is used extensively to treat bipolar disorder.
 * __Antipsychotic Drugs- __ these are a very powerful drug that reduce agitated behavior and tension, decrease the frequency of hallucinations, improve behavior in social places, and help improve sleep patterns in patients with severe psychological disorders such as schizophrenia.
 * Electroconvulsive Therapy
 * Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, is a treatment, which is most commonly used to help patients with depression, which causes the brain to have a seizure.
 * __Deep Brain Stimulation- __ this is a procedure for depression that is resistant to treatment, it involves electrodes being implanted into the brain they then emit signals to alter the brain’s electrical circuitry
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Psychosurgery
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Psychosurgery, has effects that cannot be reversed, it involves removing or destroying the brain tissue in order to improve a patient's adjustment.

**__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Psychotherapy __**
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">Psychotherapy is a nonmedical process that helps patients with psychological disorders realize their problems and ultimately overcome them.
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">Psychodynamic Therapies
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">Psychodynamic therapies are treatments that put an importance on the unconscious, let the therapist interpret, and also use the role of early childhood experiences in the patient's development of problems.
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Psychoanalysis- __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> is Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique for analyzing the patient's unconscious mind and thoughts.
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Free Association- __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> a psychoanalytic technique that includes encouraging patients to say out loud anything that comes to mind, no matter what it is.
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Interpretation __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">- a psychoanalyst's search for something symbolic, or a hidden meaning behind what the patient said or did during the therapy session.
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Dream Analysis __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">- the interpretation of a patient's dreams
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Transference __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">- a patient's relating to the psychoanalyst in ways that recreate important relationships in the patient's life.




 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Resistance- __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> a patient's unconscious defense strategy that interfere with the psychoanalyst's understanding of the patient's problems.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Contemporary Psychodynamic Therapies
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">Psychodynamic Therapy has changes a lot since it was first introduced.
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">Some contemporary psychodynamic therapists focus on the individual in social situations.
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">This was first suggested by Heinz Khoum.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Humanistic Therapies[[image:clientcenteredcartoon.jpg width="284" height="344" align="right" caption="Client-Centered Therapy"]]
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">Humanistic therapies are treatments that help patients to understand who they are and help them grow personally.
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Client-Centered Therapy- __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> or Rogerian therapy is a therapy in which the therapist provides an inviting atmosphere to improve the patient's self-concept and also to encourage the patient to receive insight into their problems.
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Reflective Speech- __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> a technique used by the therapist in which he/she mirrors the patient's feelings back onto them.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Behavior Therapies
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Behavior therapies are treatments that use the principles of learning to reduce or eliminate poor or unwanted behavior.
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">Classical Conditioning Techniques
 * 1) //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Systematic Desensitation //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> is a form of behavior therapy that is used to treat anxiety by having the patient associate relaxation with situations that the patient finds produces anxiety.
 * 2) //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Flooding //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> is a more intense form of exposure, this is when an individual is exposed to a feared stimulus while not letting the patient avoid that same stimuli.
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">Operant Conditioning Techniques
 * 1) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">The idea behind using operant conditioning is that poor behavior can be learned the same way it can be unlearned.
 * 2) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">Applied behavior analysis involves establishing positive reinforcement between behaviors and rewards so that people can learn the good behavior and the poor behavior is removed.
 * 3) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">Example: Woman with OCD touches a door frame three times before she enters a room. The operant conditioning based therapy would involve the behavior being stopped and the avoidance is extinguished. Allowing the woman to experience no catastrophic events when she does not touch the door frame, and teaching her to relax, might eliminate the compulsiveness.
 * 4) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">Operant conditioning therapy has shown to be effective in helping those with OCD.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Cognitive Therapies
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Cognitive Therapies are treatments that say cognitions, or thoughts, are what cause a psychological problem, the treatment attempts to change the cognitions in order to change the patient's feelings.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Ellis' Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy[[image:Ellis.jpg width="154" height="257" align="right"]]
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> states that people develop psychological disorders because of irrational and self-defeating beliefs, the goal is to eliminate those beliefs.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Beck's Cognitive Therapy began by saying that a psychological problem was developed because people think poorly about themselves, their world, and the future.[[image:beck.jpg align="right"]]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The following beliefs can occur if there are logical errors in thinking
 * 1) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">Perceiving the world has harmful even though there is evidence against this.
 * 2) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Exaggerating because there are little examples to prove otherwise.
 * 3) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Magnifying the importance of bad events.
 * 4) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Engaging in absolutist thinking or exaggerating a comment made.
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">Cognitive Behavior Therapy
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Cognitive behavior therapy //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> is a combination of cognitive and behavioral therapy and it attempts to develop self-efficacy.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Cognitive Therapy for Psychological Disorders
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">Cognitive therapy has successfully treated some anxiety disorders, mood disorders, schizophrenia, and personality disorders.
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">Cognitive therapy is also used in the treatment of panic disorders.
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">Cognitive therapy also shows that it can treat post-traumatic stress disorder.
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">One of the earliest uses of cognitive therapy was for treating depression.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Therapy Integrations
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Integrative Therapy __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">- this is done when a therapist chooses a combination of techniques of the methods that will be most beneficial for the patient.

**__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Sociocultural Approaches and Issues in Treatment __**
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Group Therapy __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">- is a sociocultural approach to psychological disorders, it brings together patients who have the same psychological disorders and they meet in sessions.[[image:group_therapy!.jpg width="360" height="284" align="right"]]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Family and Couples Therapy
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Family Therapy __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">- this is group therapy just with family members instead of other's with the same disorder.
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">The Four most commonly used family therapy techniques are:
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Validation
 * 2) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Reframing
 * 3) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Structural Change
 * 4) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Detriangulation
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Couples Therapy __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">- this is group therapy with married or dating couples, and is used for those whose problems are within the relationship.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Self-Help Support Groups
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">Self-help support groups are a group of individuals who get together and just talk about different topics that they have an interest in.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The groups are managed by a paraprofessional.
 * 1) //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Paraprofessionals //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> are people that do not have any formal mental health training, rather they have been taught by a professional to provide some services.
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">They play a valuable role in America’s mental health.[[image:AA.jpg width="220" height="198" align="right"]]
 * 1) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">//AA or Alcoholics Anonymous// is a self-help support group.
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">Self-help support groups can relieve stress for individuals who deal with it by seeking information from peers.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Community Mental Health
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">The community mental health movement began in the 1960s.
 * 1) //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Deinstitutionalization //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">- this occurred after the Community Mental Health Act, when patients with psychological disorders were moved from mental institutions to community-base facilities.
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">Community mental health also includes training others who interact with the community members to offer counseling.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Cultural Perspectives
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">Ethnicity
 * 1) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">Researchers have found that when the therapist and patient are of the same ethnic background, the patient is less likely to drop out of therapy early.
 * 2) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">Therapy can still be an effective tool, even with the client and patient being of different ethnic backgrounds, as long as the therapist is culturally sensitive.
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">Gender
 * 1) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">Feminist therapists believe that traditional psychotherapy still has gender bias and has not addressed specific concerns for women.
 * 2) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">Feminist therapists also believe that woman must know about gender bias and discrimination if they are going to reach their mental health goals.

**__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy __**
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">Research on the Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">A large amount of research point toward the fact that psychotherapy works.
 * 1) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">Many persuasive meta-analyses conclude that psychotherapy works well, and for many psychological disorders.
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">People who are considering seeing a psychotherapist do no just want to know if it works, but they also want to know what type will work best for them.
 * 1) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">The Dodo bird Hypothesis states that therapy works, and no one is better than others.
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">Patients also want to know how long it will take to get better or see results.
 * 1) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">Studies have shown that in psychotherapy, patient’s benefit at least through the first six months.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Common Themes in Effective Psychotherapy
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The Therapeutic Alliance- __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> this is the relationship between the patient and therapist, a strong therapeutic alliance is an important factor in successful psychotherapy.


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The Client as an Essential Factor
 * 1) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">How well the patient participates in the sessions they attend will be the greatest determinant of their success.

**__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Therapies and Health and Wellness __**
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Well-being therapy (WBT) - __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> this is a short-term therapy that encourages patients to think only about the positive.
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">It has been shown that psychotherapy helps patients with serious physical diseases, deal with that fact.
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">Psychotherapy can also help individuals by relieving physical symptoms directly or by reducing psychological problems that could lead to a physical illness.
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">Psychotherapy's goal is to reduce the presence of psychological illnesses, and to help with personal growth and psychological wellness.
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">Patients who grow in psychological wellness are less likely to have recurrent psychological distress.

=<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 150%;">//__**Outside Resources**__// = Therapy for Bipolar Disorder A Study on How Brief Psychological Therapy Is Effective in Primary Care __History of Psychotherapy__ __How Cognitive Therapy is used to Treat Depression__ __A list of books and articles on Therapies and Psychological Disorders__ __Flashcards that help us learn the different Therapies for Psychological Disorders__ __Video: Electroconvulsive Therapy__ __Video: Using Systematic Desensitation & Flooding to cure Coulrophobia__ __Video: Psychoanalysis of the Grinch__ __Video: Using Cognitive Therapy on Veterans with PTSD__ **//__ Review Questions __//**

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; margin-top: 0in;">1. __True or False:__ Biological Therapies is a nonmedical process that helps patients with psychological disorders realize their problems and ultimately overcome them.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; margin-top: 0in;">2. __True or False:__ Client-centered therapy is sometimes called Rogerian therapy.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; margin-top: 0in;">3. Which therapy is linked with psychologist Albert Ellis? <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; margin-top: 0in;">A. Cognitive Therapy <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; margin-top: 0in;">B. Biological Therapy <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; margin-top: 0in;">C. Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; margin-top: 0in;">D. Group Therapy

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; margin-top: 0in;">4. What term refers to a patient's unconscious defense strategy that interferes with the psychoanalyst's understanding of the patient's problems? <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; margin-top: 0in;">A. Transference <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; margin-top: 0in;">B. Resistance <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; margin-top: 0in;">C. Free Association <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; margin-top: 0in;">D. Dream Analysis

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; margin-top: 0in;">5. Whate term is defined as, when an individual is exposed to a feared stimulus while not letting the patient avoid that same stimulus? <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; margin-top: 0in;">A. Systematic Desensitation <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; margin-top: 0in;">B. Validation <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; margin-top: 0in;">C. Transference <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; margin-top: 0in;">D. Flooding

Answers <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; margin-top: 0in;">1. False <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; margin-top: 0in;">2. True <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; margin-top: 0in;">3. C, Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; margin-top: 0in;">4. B, Resistance <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; margin-top: 0in;">5. D, Flooding